Comparison between Spain and the UAE Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Comparison between Spain and the UAE - Essay Example A further similarity is the type of ethnic music that is enjoyed by both cultures. When one thinks of Spanish music they of course immediately identify with the guitar (Kuehl-White 2012 p. 51). However, unbeknownst to most, the classical guitar is also a mainstay of Arabic music as exhibited within the UAE and other Arabic cultures as well. In this way, although the musical styles may be quite different and the theory and stylistic differences of the chords wholly dissimilar, the fact of the matter is that both cultures employ the same musical instrument to affect music within their own countries. Similarly, when one considers the issue of art in both Spain and within the UAE, key similarities can also be noted. Again, this is partly due to the fact that the Moorish influence in Spain had a profound effect on the understanding and application of art both during and long after the Moorish Empire ultimately withdrew from Iberia.Likewise, a key cultural difference between Spain and the UAE is that of the religious systems that have for so long defined their populations and culture. In Spain, the Catholic Church has dominated the political and cultural process since a few hundred years after the death of Christ. Similarly, the UAE has been predominately Muslim since only a few years after the death of Mohammed. Likewise, another primary cultural difference relates to the fact that Spain has been primarily influenced by European culture and the UAE has been primarily focused on Arabian culture.... A further similarity is the type of ethnic music that is enjoyed by both cultures. When one thinks of Spanish music they of course immediately identify with the guitar (Kuehl-White 2012 p. 51). However, unbeknownst to most, the classical guitar is also a mainstay of Arabic music as exhibited within the UAE and other Arabic cultures as well. In this way, although the musical styles may be quite different and the theory and stylistic differences of the chords wholly dissimilar, the fact of the matter is that both cultures employ the same musical instrument to effect music within their own countries. Similarly, when one considers the issue of art in both Spain and within the UAE, key similarities can also be noted. Again, this is partly due to the fact that the Moorish influence in Spain had a profound effect on the understanding and application of art both during and long after the Moorish Empire ultimately withdrew from Iberia. Likewise, a key cultural difference between Spain and the UAE is that of the religious systems that have for so long defined their populations and culture. In Spain, the Catholic Church has dominated the political and cultural process since a few hundred years after the death of Christ. Similarly, the UAE has been predominately Muslim since only a few years after the death of Mohammed. In this way, the key cultural religious difference between the two cultures is evidenced. Likewise, another primary cultural difference relates to the fact that Spain has been primarily influenced by European culture and the UAE has been primarily focused by Arabian culture. These two factors help to explain to a large degree the broader cultural differences that have thus far been exhibited within this brief essay. This cultural influence is of course

Choose your own Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Choose your own - Essay Example sin, alongside his brother Agostino, made the first step towards commercializing their business by opening a studio, whose main function was to make and sell paintings to people that requested them. In their approach, the Carracci’s placed much attention on the typical Florentine style of linear draftsmanship, which was evident in some of the paintings like Andrea Del Sarto, which was done by Raphael. The interest in Carracci’s glimmering colors in their paintings, as well as development of mistier edges was an idea they borrowed from Venetian painters like Titian, whose works they studied in much of their travels. Some of the most famous paintings by Carracci are discussed and illustrated below This painting, one of the best that were done by Carracci is a depiction of a family life where a mother is shown as warning a nightgown of her so just besides a small fire in the room. The picture indicates a home that comprises of the mother together with her two children and a cat, who are looking on as the gown is warming. This painting is believed to be dating back to the 1580s, a time of its development. Carracci has been creative in managing to create a intimacy mood; in fact, this is the approach that Carracci and Ludovico have often used in most of their paintings and artwork. Annibale seem to have mastered the style of using a quick and inspired form of pale washes that appear watery on white surfaces. The use of this approach I very effective since it reveals magical results of tone in the painting, making it authentic and clear. According to this picture, the light from the fire can be described as a major protagonist as far as the composition is concerned. The use of wash by the artist in defining form ranks among the daring works of draftsmanship by Annibale, which indicates his self-confidence in his work. It is important to realize that the use of ink and pen together with the wash make a very permanent picture that one cannot easily erase. This is

Autoimmune Lymphoproliferative Syndrome (ALPS) Case Study

Autoimmune Lymphoproliferative Syndrome (ALPS) Case Study ABSTRACT Consanguinity in marriages can lead to many genetic abnormalities in the offsprings. The children are affected in varying degrees of severity. Autoimmune lymphoproliferative syndrome is an example of a genetic abnormality wherein there is an absence of apoptosis of lymphoproliferative cells, hence leading to enlargement of lymph nodes and spleen and associated autoimmune abnormalities. Autoimmune lymphoproliferative syndrome arises early in childhood in people who inherit mutations in genes that mediate lymphocyte apoptosis, or programed cell death. In the immune system, antigen-induced lymphocyte apoptosis maintains immune homeostasis by limiting lymphocyte accumulation and minimizing reactions against self-antigens. In autoimmune lymphoproliferative syndrome, defective lymphocyte apoptosis manifests as chronic, nonmalignant adenopathy and splenomegaly; the expansion of an unusual population of CD4CD8T cells; and the development of autoimmune disease. Most cases of autoimmune lympho proliferative syndrome involve heterozygous mutations in the lymphocyte surface protein Fas (CD95, Apo1) that impair a major apoptotic pathway. Here, we report a case of a 10 year old child with recurrent multiple swellings in the head and neck region. Keywords Autoimmune lymphoproliferative syndrome, apoptosis, generalized lymphadenopathy INTRODUCTION Lymphadenopathy in children with no known infectious or malignant cause constitutes a challenging diagnostic dilemma. A recently described entity that deà ¯Ã‚ ¬Ã‚ nes some children with previously unexplained lymphadenopathy is the autoimmune lymphoproliferative syndrome (ALPS). The clinical antecedents to ALPS entail various syndromes of familial chronic nonmalignant lymphadenopathy and splenomegaly, including pseudomononucleosis, pseudolymphoma, and the Canale-Smith syndrome.1 Autoimmune Lymphoproliferative Syndrome (ALPS) is a rare inherited disorder of disrupted lymphocyte homeostasis characterized by chronic splenomegaly and lymphadenopathy of early onset, hypergammaglobulinemia (Ig G and Ig A), autoimmune phenomena, and expanded populations of T cells, called double negative T-cells (DN) T cells.2 Impaired Fas-induced apoptosis of lymphocytes in vitro is a principal feature of the autoimmune lymphoproliferative syndrome (ALPS). It is a disorder characterized by generalized, nonmalignant lymphadenopathy,hypergammaglobulinemia, lymphocytosis, splenomegaly, and autoimmune phenomena. A distinct feature of ALPS and an early clue to its nature, is the occurrence of markedly increased numbers and percentage of T cell receptor (TCR)-ab CD42 CD82, double negative (DN) T cells in the circulation and lymphoid tissues. 3 We report the case of a patient who had come to our department with multiple swellings in the head and neck region. CASE REPORT A 10 year old male patient had come to the Department of Oral medicine and Radiology with the chief complaint of pain in the lower right back region of the jaw since a day. The patient had pain and swelling in the lower right back teeth region since a day which was moderate to severe, intermittent, aggravates on having food and relieves on its own. His past medical history revealed bilateral neck region swellings at the age of 1 and a half yrs for which he was treated with oral medications. History of developing a swelling in the axilla following BCG vaccination and was diagnosed as BCG adenitis and was treated for the same. At the age of 6 yrs he developed bilateral neck swellings for which he was referred to a pediatrician in 2009. Hematology report revealed normochromic normocytic anemia with neutrophilic lymphocytosis, FNAC of the cervical lymph node suggested necrotizing granulomatous lymphadenitis and was treated with oral antibiotics. At seven and a half yrs of age patient developed bilateral cervical lymphadenitis with abscess formation which lasted for 8 to 10 months which healed with scarring. Patient gives a history of a severe form of chicken pox , scars have remained all over the body. ESR was elevated at 110. Ultrasound of abdomen revealed mildly enlarged inguinal lymph nodes with mild hepatomegaly. The patient’s axillary and inguinal lymph nodes biopsy specimen was given for histopathology and immunohistochemistry analysis. A report of reactive lymphadenitis was obtained. Skin biopsy of rashes on lower limbs revealed lymphocyte perivasculitis. Patient also gave a history of joint pain of his lower limbs. His HIV status was negative and his random blood sugar was within normal limits.Ultrasound of abdomen and neck done recently revealed multiple mesenteric and non necrotic cervical lymphadenopathy. On general physical examination, patient appeared malnourished, lethargic with protruded abdomen and generalized healed scars of chicken pox were also observed(Fig. 1 and 2) and scar in left inguinal region.On extraoral examination there was a well defined swelling on face on the right side extending superiorly from the mid third of the face, inferiorly to the submandibular region, mesially from the corner of the mouth and distally below the ear lobule (Fig.3). On palpation, swelling was soft to firm in consistency, tender on palpation with rise in surface temperature. On inspection of the neck, there was a diffuse swelling of the submental and submandibular lymph nodes , raising the ear lobules. On the left side of the neck lymph enlarged node seen one below the ear lobule and another on the lateral aspect of neck, associated with scar of previous biopsy (Fig. 4). On palpation, bilaterally submandibular and submental lymph nodes were palpable measuring approximately 3x3cm , firm to hard in consistency, fixed, tender on palpation and all cervical lymph nodes were palpable and tender, variable in size. On intraoral examination, on inspection there was vestibular erythema and obliteration with swelling in relation to 55 on the buccal vestibule and on palpation swelling was firm in consistency, with vestibular tenderness was elicited. On hard tissue examination, presence of mixed dentition and deep dental caries with tenderness on percussion positive with 55. The diagnosis of acute exacerbation of chronic periapical abscess with 55 with buccal and submandibular space infection was considered. With the history of consanguineous marriage of his parents, his younger sibling having similar and milder symptoms with BCG adenitis, generalized unexplained lymphadenopathy, severe form of chickenpox, joint pain of lower limbs and vasculitis of skin lesions and based on the histopathology and immunohistochemistry reports of the lymph nodes a diagnosis of autoimmune lymphoproliferative disease was given. The treatment given to the patient was syrup naprosyn 125mg for 5 months 6ml b.d. The treatment planned for him was Fas mutation for confirmation Tab Wysolone (1mg/kg/day) with inj Methotrexate (15mg/m2 ) as a steroid sparing agent Tab Shelcal/calcitriol sachet  ½ sachet /month (50 mg/kg/day). The patient after 1 month follow up post treatment, there is no reduction in the size of lymph nodes. His blood reports revealed marked increase in the level of immunoglobulins. Presently the patient complains of inguinal pain and swelling since 6 months , which has not regressed even after treatment and he is unable to walk due to the pain. But the patient, on consequent follow up visits, General appearance of the patient has improved. (Fig. 5,). He showed decrease in the size of the lymph nodes except for residual scars of the fibrosed lymph nodes in the right lateral cervical regions. (Fig.6, 7, 8) DISCUSSION The autoimmune lymphoproliferative syndrome (ALPS) is a rare disease. ALPS is a rare inherited condition that affects both sexes. ALPS generally does not lead to death and most individuals with ALPS are able to live normal lives. ALPS is a disorder associated with abnormal lymphocyte apoptosis, lymphoproliferation, and autoimmunity. Lympho proliferation in ALPS patients is generally benign, but they are at increased risk for the development of Hodgkin’s and non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma. It is characterized by massive lympho adenopathy, splenomegaly, autoimmunity including episodes of immune hemolytic anemia, thrombocytopenia,and neutropenia. ALPS patients have lymphocytosis and a number of lymphocyte abnormalities, including the marked expansion of T lymphocytes that express alpha/beta T-cell receptors, but neither CD4 nor CD8 surface markers (TCR alpha/beta+; CD4–; CD8– cells).4 ALPS  is subdivided into: 1) Type Ia,  ALPS  with mutant  Fas; 2) Type Ib,  lymphadenopathy  and mutation in the ligand for  Fas  in one patient with  systemic lupus erythematosus; 3) Type II,  ALPS  with mutant caspase 10; and 4) Type III,  ALPS  as yet without any defined genetic cause. 5 In type 0 disease, homozygous Fasmutations usually cause a complete deficiency of the Fas protein and a severe form of the disease.In ALPS type I, heterozygousFasmutations (ALPS type Ia)or, more rarely, heterozygous mutations in the gene for Fas ligand (ALPS type Ib)are usually associated with a partial defect in apoptosis mediated by Fas and its ligand. ALPS type II, which is characterized by resistance to Fas-mediated apoptosis despite the presence of normal Fas ligand and Fas, with caspase 10 mutations. In ALPS type III, Fas-mediated apoptosis is also normal,and the genetic defect is unclear. Patients with ALPS type III may not have all four classic features of the syndrome — lymphoproliferation, excessive numbers of double-negative T cells, hypergammaglobulinemia, and autoimmune manifestations. Many cases of ALPS type III are sporadic, precluding the use of a genetic approach to identify the molecular defect 6 A study done by Michael Sneller et al 7 to study the lymphocyte apoptosis, revealed that ALPS was identified in 9 unrelated individuals with moderate to massive spleenomegaly, lymphadenopathy, hypergammaglobulinemia and autoimmunity, B cell lymphocytosis and an increase in the population of D4/CD8 T cells. All these findings coorelated to our case in which there were similar findings. Somatic heterozygous mutations of Fas can cause a sporadic form of ALPS by allowing lymphoid precursors to resist the normal process of cell death. as (also called apo-1 and cd95) is a cell-surface receptor belonging to the tumor necrosis factor receptor (TNFR) superfamily (Fas is the sixth member, TNFRSF6). Fas initiates a cascade of events within the cell that culminates in the death of the cell (apoptosis). This process involves the formation of the death-inducing signaling complex, consisting mainly of the Fas associated death domain and the caspase 8 and caspase 10 proteins. The constellation of lymphadenopathy, splenomegaly, and autoimmune cytopenia, however, was described by Canale and Smith in 1967, Weisdorf and Krivit and others noted that similar patients had decreased proportions or function of lymphocyte subsets.8 This heterozygous dominant mutations of Fas were found in children with the autoimmune lymphoproliferative syndrome (ALPS),which is also known as the Canaleâ₠¬â€œSmith syndrome. 4 ALPS manifestations usually appear in the first 5 years of life (median onset at 3.5 years). The most frequent presentation of ALPS is a benign lymphoproliferation limited to lymphoid organs.9 Enlargement of spleen and lymph nodes is the most prominent feature of the lymphoproliferation in nearly all ALPS patients. Autoimmunity is the second most salient feature of ALPS. Autoimmune cytopenias account for more than 80% of the autoimmune manifestations and are, essentially, autoimmune hemolytic anemia, thrombocytopenia and, sometimes, neutropenia.9 Fas and FasL are members of two superfamilies of complementary receptors and ligands that are important in immune regulation. These membrane-spanning receptors have 20%-25% amino acid identity and contain variable numbers of extra- cellular cysteine-rich domains (CRDs) regions approximately 40 amino acids in length with six cysteine residues in conserved positions. There are four CRDs in the p55 TNFR and three in the Fas protein. These two receptors share a 70 amino acid intracellular death domain that transduces signals for cell death.10 CONCLUSION The diagnosis and management of autoimmune lymphoproliferative syndrome (ALPS) remains a challenge to the oral diagnostician. Knowledge of immunological aspects of oral diseases is a new frontier for any oral healthcare professional. These patients require prompt treatment and long term follow-up, by multiple specialists that are familiar with ALPS. It is imperative that all cases with oral manifestations are reported. The diagnosis of Autoimmune lymphoproliferative disorder should be kept in mind as one of the differential diagnosis in a patient with generalized lymphadenopathy with the history of consanguinous marriage in the family. This case report is one more effort in this direction.

Philosophy is Important :: College Admissions Essays

Philosophy is Important Everybody has something to learn about Philosophy. With the numerous different courses available to students at State University, one will always be able to find new and pertinent information not covered before in previous classes. This assures students that they will not be forced to take a class that is primarily review. By requiring students to take philosophy courses, the school is guaranteeing they get the full education they deserve. Philosophy is important because it helps to mature the whole person, instead of restricting them in a specialization of a particular field of study. College is where people go to discover themselves, and at times people just need a little nudge to get them going in the right direction. Philosophy introduces students to different styles of thinking, teaching them to think smarter and better. The class Critical Thinking, for example, explains how to create and use clear, logical arguments, presenting a skill useful in other many college classes, as well as a practical tool outside of school. High school does not offer enough philosophy classes to equip the average students for the rest of their lives. Therefore, to obtain higher-level philosophical training, one must attend college. Not many high school seniors are well versed in philosophical systems that are taught in a philosophy 201 class offered at State. Despite their importance, ethics are barely covered in high school classes. Training in ethics helps one identify the correct principles of conduct as accepted by specific professions, and humanity as a whole. When coming to college, students need to supplement their knowledge base with philosophy. Gonzaga University offers many philosophy courses for the incoming student.

Are People Born Generally Good Essay

I believe all people are born generally good, but are corrupted by society later on in life. When we are born we have no idea of what our lives will become. As we grow, we encounter people that affect us in good and bad ways. We then have to take it upon ourselves to decide what is right and how we handle situations based on our previous experiences. Hence these experiences make our lives and tendencies good or bad. For example, many studies have found that those who grow up in a â€Å"broken home† or dysfunctional family are more likely to develop habits of lying, being irresponsible, and hyper-sensitive of peoples opinions about them. This is a direct effect of experiences they encountered growing up, whether it be trying to avoid harsh consequences by lying, trying to please someone who never shows support (causing hyper-sensitivity), or not having an influential adult who teaches them how to complete tasks properly (becoming irresponsible). I believe everyone I have come in contact with has been good in the end, meaning everyone has some sense of good deep inside of them. Whether that is apparent to the everyday person is decided by the unique path they’ve had through life. When thinking about the success or failures of our representative democracy, I think of it in two sections, a social issues section and a financial policy section. Socially, I believe our country is extremely successful in protecting our personal liberties and freedoms. The representatives we elect have always had split opinions on controversial issues like drug legalization, abortion, and gay marriage, but have always made sure to protect our rights to assemble, freedom of speech, and freedom of religion, to name a few. Our government has always sworn and made sure to do the right thing and keep our constitutional rights intact, for the well-being of our public. We are given the right to have opposing opinions, and most people respect the right for people to do so. This is because of the general good people are born with. In these personal liberty issues our government takes the morally good stance of upholding the Constitution, even if a verdict against it may personally benefit them more. Albeit there are always the few bad apples who make the exception. Financially is where the negativity of society begins to show in our government. We are bombarded with images of the rich, powerful and famous, and told that this is the â€Å"new American Dream†. This is what we work to attain in life, but it is almost impossible to reach. So, once the few who do make it to the top (including the representatives we elect to government) they will do what it takes to keep that power and money, because that is what makes them successful in societies eyes. This can include a lot of what you hear about in the news including adding â€Å"pork† to bills, working with lobbyists, and shady campaign funding to ensure re-election. Unfortunately, this has become normal in politics. All of this is powered by negative social ideals that we are surrounded by. Thus the generally good representative, who may have started out truly wanting to help his nation, becomes corrupt.

E-Research Proposal Hand Book.Pdf

Hand Book Of M. S / M. Phil & Ph. D Research Proposal / Synopsis Compiled By: Mr. Nasir Shaheen Additional Registrar & Mr. Ijaz Ahmad Coordinator M. Phil / Ph. D Programs Qurtuba University of Science and Information Technology, Peshawar. e Left Blank Intentionally 4 Preface As a rule, the main components of a research study are nearly the same in all disciplines throughout the world. Though, various styles of referencing and citation are used by the researchers in their research work i. e.APA, MLA, Harvard, Chicago, Turabian etc. Nonetheless, every established university develops its own customized format for its students’ facilitation in presentation of research proposals and theses. This handbook is compiled to facilitate the M. S / M. Phil and Ph. D students of Qurtuba University in developing their research proposals and to bring an overall uniformity in their research proposals. The format suggested in this handbook is mandatory for all M. S / M. Phil and Ph. D. students to develop and submit their proposal for approval of Board of Advanced Studies and Research (BOASAR).Further, the students are required to prepare their research proposal under the supervision of their respective supervisors. The purpose of the research proposal / synopsis is to help the scholars to focus and define their research plans. A well developed research proposal needs to include certain basic components, in which a number of questions are to be addressed. Why research on the proposed topic should be undertaken and what gains are likely to be achieved? What has been done previously in this or related areas? What are the objectives of the study and how these will be achieved? What methodology is to be used to carry out the study?An extensive initial exercise should help in designing a sound research project, which is likely to make a significant contribution in successful completion of M. S / M. Phil and Ph. D. research. 1 1 – Preliminary Section 1. 1 Title Page: The title page of the research proposal / synopsis should include title of the research project, name of the student (with qualifications), name of the supervisor(s), place of work and date (month and year) of submission. The topic for research should be selected carefully. It should be specific and well formulated in order to show the nature of work involved as far as possible (See Sample) . 2 Certificates: The following certificates should be attached after title page: i – Detailed Marks Sheet (part of the proposal) iii – Approval Certificate (as a part of the proposal / synopsis) 1. 3 (See sample) Table of Contents: List the sections of proposal / synopsis and page references. Use hierarchy of titles and sub titles. 2 2 – Body of Research Proposal / Synopsis 2. 1 Introduction: It should provide a brief description to introduce the area of the proposed research work and provide background information relating to the social / political / historical / educational / organizational (etc) context of the study. . 2 Literature Review: A review of the relevant literature showing the work done previously in the area of proposed research is essential to plan further research effectively. The information given in the review should be supported by references. The function of the literature review is to show your supervisor and the department that you are aware of significant writers / researchers in the field, and to indicate which issues / topics you will focus on in your review. Literature review is not expected to be extensive for the proposal / synopsis.You should demonstrate critical analysis and your review should be shaped by your argument and should seek to establish your theoretical orientation. 2. 3 Research Problem / Questions: A concise research problem statement that, in one to three sentences, describes specifically what the problem is that you intend to solve. It explains what problems or issues you wish to explore and why you wish to ex plore them. 3 2. 4 Research Objective: The General /Global Objective should state the expected contribution of the research to the general body of knowledge in the subject area.The Specific Objectives should state how specifically the general objectives will be achieved. 2. 5 Hypotheses (Optional): The students may include hypothesis of the study in their proposal depending on the nature of the research. Hypotheses should be in the form of Null Hypothesis (H0) and Alternate Hypothesis (H1). 2. 6 Methodology: The Methodology section is very important because it documents how you plan to tackle your research problem. Depending on the nature and the underlying methodological pproach to be adopted for the proposed research work the followings may be documented in this section: Research Design and Method †¢ Indicate which research design is to be adopted/used (if any) †¢ Is the research QUANTITATIVE or QUALITATIVE in nature in terms of the methodology? †¢ Discuss and justi fy your choice of research method †¢ Highlight and discuss the relevance of the adopted method to your study †¢ Describe how the adopted method will be applied Research Type †¢ Is the research Explorative, Descriptive, Causal or a Case study method? Techniques / Tools /Approaches / Instrumentation/Devices Which techniques, tools/instruments, approaches etc will be adopted and used to develop/produce, present/demonstrate the expected results of the proposed study †¢ Highlight and discuss the relevance of these techniques /tools / instruments /approaches to your study. 4 †¢ Describe how these techniques/tools/ instruments or approaches will be applied or used Data Collection Methods (if applicable) †¢ Clearly indicate as to whether you are going to use primary or secondary data †¢ Indicate what does primary or secondary data mean (i. e. provide a theoretical perspective). †¢ Identify the secondary data which you are going to use for your study.P opulation and Sampling Procedures (if applicable) †¢ Identify and document the population or reference for the study. In case of different components of the population, clearly indicate this †¢ Discuss the various sampling frames, types and techniques that will be adopted including an indication of the type of statistical data analysis that will be carried out to analyze the results In brief the guiding principle for writing the methodology section is that it should contain sufficient information for the reader to determine whether the methodology is sound. It may well be the longest section of your proposal. . 7 Significance of the Study: While documenting the significance of the research you need to indicate how your research will refine, revise, or extend the frontiers of existing knowledge in the area under investigation. Note that such refinements, revisions, or extensions may have substantive, theoretical, or methodological significance. The documentation of the sign ificance of the study should, among other things, address the following questions: †¢ What are the specific, significant, unique/major contributions that the proposed research work will make to the area/body of knowledge? What will be the expected results/outcome of the proposed research? †¢ What will be the practical implications/use of the expected results/outcome? †¢ How will the expected results/outcome of the study be implemented, including a statement on its possible impact and on what innovations will come about through its implementation (if any)? 5 †¢ What areas/directions of further/subsequent research work are likely to arise from the expected outcome/findings or results of the proposed study? †¢ What will be improved or changed as a result of the proposed research work? . 8 Limitation: Document the potential weaknesses or the possible limitations of the expected results/outcome of the proposed study and the limitations of the approaches, procedur es, methods etc to be adopted to achieve the expected results of the proposed study. Also to be included are statements relating to issues, factors beyond the control of the study. 2. 9 References & Bibliography: A section listing relevant references on which the research proposal is based should be included. Only references cited in the text are to be included in the reference list. The tudents of Social Sciences should use APA style for citation while students of Linguistics and Literature should use MLA Style for citation. The student should add the relevant Bibliography in the last part after References in alphabetical order. 2. 10 Student Profile: A comprehensive student profile consisting of bio data, educational qualification and professional background of the student should be the last part of the proposal. The student profile should be made as per suggested format. [see sample] 6 3 – Referencing and Citation – For Social Sciences All the students of Social Sci ences i. . Management Sciences, Political Sciences, International Relations and Education are required to use the following style of referencing and citation in their proposals. (The basic concept is taken from APA style of referencing) 3. 1 Handling Quotes in the Text †¢ Short quotations (fewer than 40 words) are incorporated into the text and enclosed by double quotation marks (â€Å" †). †¢ Long quotations (more than 40 words) are typed in a double-spaced block with no quotation marks. Indent five spaces and type the entire quotation on the indented margin without the usual opening paragraph indentation.Give citation information in parentheses ( ) after last sentence in block quotation, with no punctuation following parentheses. If you have a quote within a short quote, enclose it in single quotation marks (‘ ‘). If you have a quote within a block quotation, enclose it in double quotation marks (â€Å" †). †¢ †¢ †¢ Ellipsis point s (†¦) are used to indicate material omitted from the body of a quotation, but should not be used at the beginning or end of a quotation. 3. 2 In-Text Citation Citations within the text of your paper refer the reader to an alphabetical reference list at the end of the paper.APA format uses the author-date method of citation. The author’s last name and the publication date are inserted at the appropriate point in the text, following the material cited. Suffixes such as PhD. or Jr. are not included. Works by a single author: If the author is mentioned in the paper, provide the year of publication in ( ) just after the name: Ex: Hacking (1998) covers material on public record about chronic fatigue syndrome. If the author is not mentioned in the paper, at the end of the quote or paraphrase use the author’s last name and the year, separated by a comma:Ex: The article covers material on public record about chronic fatigue syndrome (Hacking, 1998). If both the author and the date are mentioned in the text, a parenthetical reference is not needed. Ex: In a 1993 article, Gould explains Darwin’s most successful theory. 7 For exact quotations, cite specific page numbers following the year. Ex: Emily Bronte â€Å"expressed increasing hostility for the world of human relationships, whether sexual or social† (Taylor, 1988, p. 11). For paraphrased passages, page numbers are encouraged, but not required. The year is required. For an online source with no pagination:If page numbers are not provided on an electronic source, use the abbreviation â€Å"para. † to indicate the paragraph location of direct quotes. Ex: In exchange for that cooperation, authorities have recommended a sentence of 15 years in prison (Hayes, 2009, para. 4). Works by two authors: Provide the last names of both authors. Use the word â€Å"and† to separate the names in the sentence, and use an & to separate their names in the parenthetical citation. Ex: As Sul livan and Thomas (1998) point out†¦ Ex: The turmoil in the Middle East is the result of politics (Sullivan & Thomas, 1998). Works by more than two authors:Use the last names of all authors in the first citation. Then, in all following citations, include only the last name of the first author followed by â€Å"et al. † Ex: Writing becomes better as the child matures (Britton, Thomas, & Miller, 1996). Ex: According to Britton et al. (1996), a child s writing improves over time. Works with no author identified: When a work has no author identified, cite the first two or three words of the reference list entry followed by the year. The first entry is usually the title. Italicize the title of a periodical or book; use double quotation marks around the title of an article or chapter.Ex: in the book Language Use (1991). Ex: article on language use (â€Å"World languages,† 1993). Secondary Sources: When a work mentions another, previously published work, acknowledge the o riginal author in your text, but give the source you are using in the reference list. Use the phrase â€Å"as cited in† for your in-text reference. Ex: As Villa points out, â€Å"Perhaps the conflict seems so strong because the stakes are so low† (as cited in Affleck, Allen, & Della, 1996). Personal Communication (Including letters, e-mail, and interviews): Do not add this information to your reference list. You should cite the information in text only.Give the initials as well as the surname of the communicator, and provide an exact date: Ex: L. J. Smith (personal communication, September 20, 2009). Ex: (A. N. Jones, personal communication, March 18, 2009). 8 3. 3 Reference List: BOOKS Note: In titles of books in the reference list, capitalize only the first word of the title, the first word after a colon, and proper nouns. Author’s name. (publication date). Title. City and state of publication: Publisher. Books by one author Ex: Alvarez, M. (1999). The trip wi thin. New York, NY: Random House. In-text citation: (Alvarez, 1999). Books by two to even authors Authors’ names in the order in which they appear. (date). Title of publication. City and state: Publisher. Ex: Strunk, W. , Jr. , Jones, T. , & White, E. B. (1979). The elements of style (3rd ed. ). New York, NY: Macmillan. In-text citation: (Strunk, Jones, & White, 1979). List the first six authors, then insert three ellipsis points, and add the last Author’s name. Books with 8 or more authors Ex: Engberg, M. , Dugan, J. P. , Haworth, J. , Williams, T. , Kelly, B. , Johnson, W. , †¦ Stewart, S. (2009). Navigating the complexity of higher education in preparation program administration.San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass. First in-text citation: (Engberg, Dugan, Haworth, Williams, Kelly, Johnson, Smith, & Stewart, 2009). Subsequent in-text citations: (Engberg, et al. , 2009). Alphabetize group authors by the first significant word of the name. Books by a group, (date). Tit le. City: Publisher (When the author and publisher are institutional, or the same, use the word â€Å"Author† as the name of the publisher). corporate authors Ex: Springhouse Corporation. (2002). Assessment made incredibly easy. Springhouse, PA: Author. In-text citation: (Springhouse Corporation, 2002).For a book with an editor but no author, begin with the name of the editor (or editors) followed by the abbreviation â€Å"Ed. † (or â€Å"Eds. † for more than one editor) in parentheses. Books with Editors Ex: Duncan, G. J. , & Brooks-Gunn, J. (Eds. ). (1997). Consequences of growing up poor. New York, NY: Russell Sage Foundation. In-text citation: (Duncan & Brooks-Gunn, 1997). 9 Ex: Haybron, D. M. (2008). Philosophy and the science of subjective well- being. In M. Eid & R. J. Larsen (Eds. ), The science of subjective well-being (pp. 17-43). New York, NY: Guilford Press. In-text citation: (Haybron, 2008).Cite as you normally would, but add information about the e ditor in parentheses after the book title. A book written by an Ex: Plath, Sylvia. (2000). The unabridged journals (K. V. Kukil, Ed. ). author but overseen by an New York, NY: Anchor. editor For a book with a chapter written by an author but edited by another person In-text citation: (Plath, 2000). 3. 4 Reference List: ARTICLES Author’s name. (date). Title of chapter or entry. In Editors (Eds. ), Title of reference book. (Vol. #, pp. #). Location: Publisher. Article or entry in a reference book Ex: Field, T. (2002). Child abuse and neglect. In A. Kazdin (Ed. , Encyclopedia of psychology. (Vol. 2, pp. 61-65). Washington, D. C. : Oxford. In-text citation: (Field, 2002). Ex: Schizophrenia. (1983). In A. Kazdin (Ed. ), The encyclopedia of psychology. (Vol. 10, p. 104). New York, NY: Wiley. In-text citation: (Schizophrenia, 1983). Scholarly journals are often published by volume, and page numbers may continue throughout the year instead of beginning each issue with page 1. After t he italicized title of the journal, give the volume number (also italicized, but do not use Vol. ) followed by the page numbers at the end of the citation (do not use pp. ) Articles in scholarly Author(s). (date).Title of article. Title of Periodical or Journal, volume journals and periodicals #, page #s. paginated by volume Ex: Spitch, M. L. , Verzy, H. N. , & Wilkie, D. M. (1993). Subjective shortening: A model of pigeon s memory for event duration. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes, 9, 14-66. Articles in journals paginated by issues In-text citation: (Spitch, Verzy, & Wilkie, 1993). When each issue of a journal begins with page 1, include the issue number in paranthesesAuthor. (date). Title of article. Title of Journal, volume # (issue #), page #s. Ex: Scruton, R. (1996). The eclipse of listening. The New Criterion, 0 News magazines are usually published weekly or monthly. Note the month (and date, if given), along with the year. Remember to include vo lume and issue numbers if available. Articles in magazines (7. 01. 7) Articles in newspapers (7. 01. 7) Ex: Cortese, A. (1998, January 26). There’s more than one way to play monopoly. Business Week, 3562(1), 36. In-text citation: (Cortese, 1998). Begin with the name of the author, if one is given, followed by the year, month, and day of publication. Page numbers are introduced with â€Å"p. † (or â€Å"pp. † for multiple pages). Ex: Haney, D. Q. (1998, February 20). Finding eats at mystery of appetite.The Oregonian, pp. A1, A17. In-text citation: (Haney, 1998). 3. 5 Reference List: ELECTRONIC SOURCES (Including: Web sites, electronic books, Pro Quest, EBSCO host and other library databases) If you cannot find some of this information for your reference, cite what is available. Note: The updated guidelines for electronic sources state that the digital object identifier number (DOI) must be included if one is assigned. â€Å"A DOI is a unique alphanumeric string assigned by a registration agency to identify content and provide a persistent link to its location on the Internet† (American Psychological Association, 2010, 189).Note: If a DOI is available, use it at the end of a citation. If it is not available, use the URL of the web site from which the information was retrieved. Note: Retrieval dates are only necessary if the information will prove difficult to find again due to revision (ex. Wikis). Note: Titles of documents or articles are not in italics and only the first word is capitalized. Titles of journals and other periodicals are to be written in italics and all major words are capitalized. Titles of web sites are capitalized but not in italics. 11 Author(s). (Date of Publication). Title of document. Retrieved from electronic addressEx: Shiltz, T. (2002). Strategies for prevention and early intervention of male eating disorders. Retrieved from http://nationaleatingdisorders. org/p. asp? WebPage_ID=286&Profile_ID= 41172 Web sit e (Not a periodical article) Articles from an online journal Articles from an online magazine U. S. government report from a government agency Web site An online video In text citation: (Shiltz, 2002). Ex: Butler, Heidi. (2009, November 19). Pennsylvania professor of the year. Retrieved from http://www. northampton. edu/Northampton- NOW/What-anHonor. htm In text citation: When referring to a specific piece of nformation, include paragraph numbers in the reference. Use â€Å"para. † Example: (Butler, 2003, paras. 2-3). Author(s). (Year of Publication). Title of article. Journal Title, Volume Number (Issue Number), pages if available. Retrieved from electronic address Ex: Royce, W. S. , Gebelt, J. L. , & Duff, R. W. (2003). Female athletes: Being both athletic and feminine. Athletic Insight, 5(1), 5662. Retrieved from http://www. athleticinsight. com/VOL5Iss1/FeminineAthl etes. htm In text citation: (Royce, Gebelt, & Duff, 2003). Author(s). (Date of Publication). Title of artic le. Title of Magazine, Volume Number (if given) (Issue Number), page(s).Retrieved from electronic address. Ex: Rauch, J. (2002, May). The marrying kind. The Atlantic Online, 289(5). Retrieved from http://www. theatlantic. com/issues/2002/05/rauch. htm In text citation: (Rauch, 2002). Ex: Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, and Firearms. (2002). ATF accountability report, 2001. Retrieved from http://www. atf. gov/pub/gen_pub/2001annrpt/fy2001an nrpt. pdf In text citation: First citation: (Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, and Firearms [ATF], 2002). Second and subsequent citations: (ATF, 2002). Ex: Norton, R. (2006, November 4). How to train a cat to operate a light switch [Video file]. Retreived from 2 http://www. youtube. com/watch? v=Vja83KLQXZs A blog post In-text citation: (Norton, 2006). Ex: Grohol, J. M. (2009, November 17). The psychology of terrorism [Web log message]. Retrieved from http://psychcentral. com/blog/archives/2009/11/17/thepsychology-of-terrorism/ In-text citation: (Grohol, 20 09). Author(s). (Year of publication). Title [information about format or version if available]. doi or website that document was retrieved from. Online Book (E-Book) Ex: Thompson, Art. (1997). The stompbox. Retrieved from http://www. netlibrary. com/ In text citation: (Thompson, 1997). Ex: Schinraldi, G. R. (2001).The post-traumatic stress disorder sourcebook: A guide to healing, recovery, and growth [Adobe Digital Editions version]. doi: 10. 1036/0071393722 In text citation: (Schinraldi, 2001). 3. 6 Reference List: MEDIA Single episode from television series Video Ex: Astrof, J. & Ottesen, P. (Writers), & Burrows, J. (Director). (1994). The one with the blackout [Television series episode]. In K. Bright, M. Kauffman, & D. Crane (Executive producers), Friends. Burbank, CA: Warner Bros. Entertainment Inc. In-text citation: (Astrof, Ottesen, & Burrows, 1994). Ex: Thomas, J. & McLaren, M. (Producers), & Linklater, R. (Director). (2006).Fast Food Nation [DVD]. Beverly Hills, CA: Twenti eth Century Fox Home Entertainment. In-text citation: (Thomas, McLaren, & Linklater, 2006). 13 3. 7 Reference List: GENERAL REFERENCE DATABASES Please note: The name of the database used and the date the article was retrieved is no longer needed. Including: Britannica Online, Credo Reference, and Gale Virtual Reference Library Child care. (2001). In World of Sociology, Gale. Retrieved from http://www. credoreference. com In text citation: (â€Å"Child care,† 2001). Steinberg, Laurence. (2001). Parent-child relationships. In B. Strickland (Ed. ), The Gale encyclopedia of psychology (2nd ed. pp. 473477). Retrieved from http://go. galegroup. com In text citation: (Steinberg, 2001) 3. 8 Reference List: GENERAL SUBJECT DATABASES General reference format: Author, A. A. , Author, B. B. , & Author, C. C. (year). Title of article. Title of periodical, xx, pp-pp. doi: xx. xxxxxxxxxx Please note: If there is not a digital object identification number (DOI), include the home page of the database in the reference. Use this format: Retrieved from http://www†¦ Including: Pro Quest Central and EBSCOhost Examples (without DOI): Edmondson, J. (2002). The will of the people. The Reading Teacher, 55(5), 452-454.Retrieved from http://proquest. umi. com In text citation: (Edmondson, 2002). Saldinger, A. , Cain, A. , & Porterfield, K. (2003, Summer). Managing traumatic stress in children anticipating parental death. Psychiatry, 66(2), 168. Retrieved from http://proquest. umi. com In text citation: First citation: (Saldinger, Cain, & Porterfield, 2003). Subsequent citations: (Saldinger et al. , 2003). Example (with DOI): Fox, K. , Gover, A. , & Kaukinen, C. (2009). The effects of low self-control and childhood maltreatment on stalking victimization among men and women. American Journal of Criminal Justice, 34(3/4), 181-197. doi:10. 007/s12103009-9064-4 In text citation: (Fox, Gover & Kaukinen, 2009 14 3. 9 Reference List: CURRENT/CONTROVERSIAL ISSUES DATABASES CQ Research er Clemmitt, M. (2009, August 28). Health-care reform. CQ Researcher, 19, 693-716. Retrieved from http://library. cqpress. com In-text citation: (Clemmitt, 2009) (magazine—â€Å"Issues and Controversies†) Child care. (2009, October 22). Issues and Controversies on File. Retrieved from http://www. 2facts. com In-text citation: (â€Å"Child care,† 2009) Facts on File (magazine—â€Å"Today’s Science†) A reverse on reverse revolution? (2009, November). Today’s Science. Retrieved from http://www. 2facts. comIn-text citation: (â€Å"A reverse on reverse revolution? ,† 2009) (â€Å"World News Digest†) Swine flu: U. S. begins vaccinations. (2009, October 15). Facts on File World News Digest. Retrieved from http://www. 2facts. com In-text citation: (â€Å"Swine flu,† 2009) Horrigan, J. B. (2003). The Internet fosters online communities. In J. D. Torr (Ed. ), Current Controversies: The Information Age (n. p. ). San Diego, C A: Greenhaven Press. Retrieved from http://find. galegroup. com In-text citation: (Horrigan, 2003) Opposing Viewpoints ACLU urges Senate committee. (1999). In T. O Neill (Ed. ), Opposing Viewpoints Digests Series: Biomedical Ethics (n. . ). San Diego, CA: Greenhaven Press. Retrieved from http://find. galegroup. com In-text citation: (â€Å"ACLU urges Senate committee,† 1999). Epstein, E. (2005, March 23). Left and right united to challenge Patriot Act provisions. San Francisco Chronicle, p. A3. Retrieved from http://find. galegroup. com In-text citation: (Epstein, 2005) 15 3. 10 Reference List: SUBJECT-SPECIFIC DATABASES Access Science Ex: Stack, S. M. & Anderson, L. K. Chromosome. doi:10. 1036/1097-8542. 134900 In text citation: (Stack & Anderson, 2000). The African American Experience Ex: Loucky, J. , Armstrong, J. , & Estrada, L. J. (2006). Asylum.In Immigration in America today: An encyclopedia (n. p. ). Westport, CT: Greenwood Press. Retrieved from http://aae. greenwood. com In text citation: (Loucky, Armstrong, & Estrada, 2006). Author(s). (Date of Publication). Title of report (Accession No. xx). Location: Publisher. Retrieved from http://search. ebscohost. com Ex: Unruh, D. , Bullis, M. , Todis, B. , Waintrup, M. , Atkins, T. , & National Center on Secondary Education and Transition. (2007). Programs and practices for special education students in alternative education settings (Accession No. ED495869). Research to Practice Brief 6(1). National Center on SecondaryEducation and Transition (NCSET), University of Minnesota. Retrieved from http://search. ebscohost. com ERIC First in text citation: (Unruh, Bullis, Todis, Waintrup, Atkins, & National Center on Secondary Education and Transittion, 2001). Subsequent citations: (Unruh et al. , 2001). Ex: Dunlap, G. , & Bunton-Pierce, M. (1999). Autism and Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) (Accession No. Washington, D. C. : Office of ED436068). Special Education and Rehabilitative Services (ED). Retrieved fr om http://search. ebscohost. com In text citation: (Dunlap & Bunton-Pierce, 1999). 16 History Databases: US Ex: O’Brien, P. (2000).Viewpoint: Yes, internment of Japanese Americans was necessary for national security because some of them were suspected of disloyalty (Document No. BT2306200089). In R. J. Allison (Ed. ), History in dispute: Vol. 3. American social and political movements, 1900-1945. Farmington Hills, MI: Gale. Retrieved from http://galenet. galegroup. com In-text citation: (O’Brien, 2000). Hoover’s Online Ex: Murray, B. (n. d. ). Just Born Inc. Retrieved from http://premium. hoovers. com In-text citation: (Murray, n. d. ). CINAHL Ex: Frame, K. (2003). Empowering preadolescents with ADHD: Demons or delights (Accession No. 2003096143).Advances in Nursing Science 26(2), 131-139. Retrieved from search. ebscohost. com In-text citation: (Frame, 2003). PsycArticles Ex: Alderfer, C. P. (2003). The science and nonscience of Psychologists’ responses t o The Bell Curve. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice 34(3). 287-293. doi:10. 1037/0735-7028. 34. 3. 287 In-text citation: (Alderfer, 2003). PubMed Central Ex: Weiss, M. , & Murray, C. (2003). Assessment and management of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder in adults. Canadian Medical Association Journal 168(6). 715-722. Retrieved from http://www. ncbi. nlm. nih. gov In-text citation: (Weiss & Murray, 2003).Westlaw Campus Ex: Lobel, J. (2002). The war on terrorism and civil liberties. University of Pittsburgh Law Review. Retrieved from http://campus. westlaw. com In-text citation: (Lobel, 2002). 17 4 – Referencing and Citation – For Literature and Linguistics Reference citation in the text should be as follows. The citation should be as brief as possible while directing the reader to the correct reference. †¢ †¢ More than one author with same name Add the first initial (or full first name if initial is the same): (A. Patterson 183; L. Patterso n 230) †¢ Two or three authors Give all author names: (Rabking, Greenberg, and Olander vii) †¢ 4. 1Single author Simply use Name followed by any relevant page number: (Marcuse 197) In text: Tannen has argued this point (178–85) More than three authors Follow the bibliographic entry: (Lauter et al. 2425) or all last names if given Books A Book by a Single Author Fukuyama, Francis. Our Posthuman Future: Consequences of the Biotechnology Revolution. New York: Farrar, 2002. An Anthology or a Compilation Lopate, Phillip, ed. The Art of the Personal Essay: An Anthology from the Classical Era to the Present. New York: Anchor-Doubleday, 1994. Spafford, Peter, comp. and ed. Interference: The Story of Czechoslovakia in the Words of Its Writers.Cheltenham: New Clarion, 1992. Two or More Books by the Same Author (Use three hyphens followed by period and then title, or comma and ed. †¦ if necessary) Borroff, Marie. Language and the Past: Verbal Artistry in Frost, Stevens, a nd Moore. Chicago: U of Chicago P, 1979. —, trans. Sir Gawain and the Green Knight. New York: Norton, 1967. —, ed. Wallace Stevens: A Collection of Critical Essays. Englewood Cliffs: Prentice, 1963. 18 A Book by Two or More Authors Eggins, Suzanne, and Diana Slade. Analysing Casual Conversation. London: Cassell, 1997. If there are more than three authors, you may name only the first and add et al. â€Å"and others†), or you may give all names in full in the order in which they appear on the title page. Gilman, Sander, et al. Hysteria beyond Freud. Berkeley: U of California P, 1993. Or Gilman, Sander, Helen King, Roy Porter, George Rousseau, and Elaine Showalter. Hysteria beyond Freud. Berkeley: U of California P, 1993. Repeat names in full if the same person is part of a different authorship. Do not use three hyphens unless the total authorship is the same A Book by a Corporate Author American Medical Association. The American Medical Association Encyclopedia of Medicine. Ed. Charles B. Layman. New York: Random, 1989.A Work in an Anthology Allende, Isabel. â€Å"Toad’s Mouth. † Trans. Margaret Sayers Peden. A Hammock beneath the Mangoes: Stories from Latin America. Ed Thomas Colchie. New York: Plume, 1992. 83–88. Often the works in anthologies have been published before. If you wish to inform your reader of the date when a previously published piece other than a scholarly article first appeared, you may follow the title of the piece with the year of original publication and a period. Franklin, Benjamin. â€Å"Emigration to America. † 1782. The Faber Book of America. Ed. Christopher Ricks and William L. Vance. Boston: Faber, 1992. 24–26.An Article in a Reference Book â€Å"Noon†. The Oxford English Dictionary. 2nd ed. 1989. Mohanty, Jitendra M. â€Å"Indian Philosophy. † The New Encyclopedia Britannica: Macropaedia. 15th ed. 1987. An Introduction, a Preface, a Foreword or an Afterword Borges, Jorge Luis. Foreword. Selected Poems, 1923–1967. By Borges. Ed. Norman Thomas Di Giovanni. New York: Delta-Dell, 1973. xv–xvi. If the introduction, preface, foreword, or afterword has a title, give the title, enclosed in 19 quotation marks, immediately before the name of the part. Brodsky, Joseph. â€Å"Poetry as a Form of Resistance to Reality. † Foreword. Winter Dialogue .By Tomas Venclova. Trans. Diana Senechal. Evanston: HydraNorthwestern UP, 1997. vii– xviii. An Anonymous Book Encyclopedia of Virginia. New York: Somerset, 1993. A Translation Beowulf. Trans. E. Talbot Donaldson. Ed. Nicholas Howe. New York: Norton, 2001. Hildegard of Bingen. Selected Writings. Trans. Mark Atherton. New York: Penguin, 2001. A Book Published in a Second or Subsequent Edition Bondanella, Peter. Italian Cinema: From Neorealism to the Present. 3rd ed. New York: Continuum, 2001. A Multivolume Work Blanco, Richard L. , ed. The American Revolution, 1775–1783: An Encyc lopedia. 2 vols. Hamden: Garland, 1993.Crane, Stephen. The University of Virginia Edition of the Works of Stephen Crane. Ed. Fredson Bowers. 10 vols. Charlottesville: UP of Virginia, 1969–76. If you are using one volume of a multivolume work state the number of the volume: Lawrence, D. H. The Letters of D. H. Lawrence. Ed. James T. Boulton. Vol. 8. New York: Cambridge UP, 2000. A Book in a Series Neruda, Pablo. Canto General. Trans. Jack Schmitt. Latin Amer. Lit. and Culture 7. Berkeley: U of California P, 1991. A Republished Book Atwood, Margaret. The Blind Assassin. 2000. New York: Knopf-Random, 2001. A Book with Multiple Publishers Wells, H. G. The Time Machine. 895. London: Dent; Rutland: Tuttle, 1992. A Government Publication Great Britain. Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries, and Food. Dept. of the Environment, Transport, and the Regions. Our Countryside, the Future: A Fair Deal for Rural England. London: HMSO, 2000. New York State. Commission on the Adirondacks in the T wenty-First Century. The Adirondack Park in the Twenty-First-Century. Albany: State of New York, 1990. 20 Poore, Benjamin Perley, comp. A Descriptive Catalogue of the Government Publications of the United States, September 5, 1774–March 4, 1881. US 48th Cong. , 2nd sess. Misc. Doc. 67. Washington: GPO, 1885.The Published Proceedings of a Conference Hualde, Jose Ignacio. â€Å"Patterns of Correspondence in the Adaptation of Spanish Borrowings in Basque. † Proceedings of the Twenty-Fifth Annual Meeting of the Berkeley Linguistics Society, February 12–15, 1999: General Session and Parasession on Loan Word Phenomena. Ed. Steve S. Chang, Lily Liaw, and Josef Ruppenhofer. Berkeley: Berkeley Linguistics Soc. , 2000. 348–58. Freed, Barbara F. , ed. Foreign Language Acquisition Research and the Classroom. Proc. of Consortium for Lang. Teaching and Learning Conf. , Oct. 1989, U of Pennsylvania. Lexington: Heath, 1991. An Unpublished DissertationBoyle, Anthony T. â €Å"The Epistemological Evolution of Renaissance Utopian Literature, 1516– 1657. † Diss. New York U, 1983. A Published Dissertation Dietze, Rudolf F. Ralph Ellison: The Genesis of an Artist. Diss. U Erlangen-Nurnberg, 1982. Erlanger Beitrage zur Sprach- und Kunstwissenschaft 70. Nurnberg: Carl, 1982. 4. 2 Journals and Newspapers An Article in a Journal with Continuous Pagination Hanks, Patrick. â€Å"Do Word Meanings Exist? † Computers and the Humanities 34 (2000): 205–15. Mann, Susan. â€Å"Myths of Asian Womanhood. † Journal of Asian Studies 59 (2000): 835–62. An Article in a Journal that pages each issue separatelyAlbada, Kelly F. â€Å"The Public and Private Dialogue about the American Family on Television. † Journal of Communication 50. 4 (2000): 79–110. Some journals do not use volume numbers at all, numbering issues only. Treat the issue numbers of such journals as you would volume numbers. 21 An Article in a Newspaper J eromack, Paul. â€Å"This Once, a David of the Art World Does Goliath a Favor. † New York Times 13 July 2002, late ed. : B7+. Abbreviate months as follows: Jan. , Feb. , Mar. , Apr. , May, June, July, Aug. , Sept. , Oct. , Nov. , Dec. An Article in a Magazine Mehta, Pratap Bhanu. â€Å"Exploding Myths. † New Republic 6 June 1998: 17–19.An Anonymous Article â€Å"Dubious Venture. † Time 3 Jan. 1994: 64–65. A Special Issue Perret, Delphine, and Marie-Denise Shelton, eds. Maryse Conde. Spec. issue of Callaloo 18. 3 (1995): 535–711. Somin, Ilya. â€Å"Do Politicians Pander? † State Autonomy. Spec. issue of Critical Review 14. 2–3 (2000): 147–55. A Legal Source New York Times Co. v. Tasini. No. 00-201. Supreme Ct. of the US. 25 June 2001. 4. 3 Electronic Publications Basic Entry Document from Internet Site Zeki, Semir. â€Å"Artistic Creativity and the Brain. † Science 6 July 2001: 51–52. Science Magazine. 2002. Amer. Assn. For the Advancement of Science. 24 Sept. 2002 . Entire Internet SiteElectronic Text Center. Ed. David Seaman. 2002. Alderman Lib. , U of Virginia. 19 June 2002 . Online Books Nagata, Linda. Goddesses. 2000. Scifi. com. 4 Oct. 2002 . Keats, John. â€Å"Ode on a Grecian Urn. † Poetical Works. 1884. Bartleby. com: Great Books Online. Ed. Steven van Leeuwen. 2002. 5 May 2002 . United States. Dept. of Justice. Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention. Law Enforcement and Juvenile Crime. By Howard N. Snyder. Dec. 2001. 29 June 2002 . 22 Online Periodicals Butler, Darrell L. , and Martin Sellbom. â€Å"Barriers to Adopting Technology for Teaching and Learning. † Educause Quarterly 25. 2 (2002): 22–28. Educause. Aug. 2002 . Publications on CD-ROM, Diskette or Magnetic Tape It is important to state the publication medium as different formats may be different. Braunmuller, A. R. , ed. Macbeth. By William Shakespeare. CD-ROM. New York: Voyager, 19 94. E-mail Communication Harner, James L. E-mail to the author. 20 Aug. 2002. 23 5 – Formatting and Presentation 5. 1 Page Size and Quality: AA4 (A4-Fine paper) should be used for submission of proposal / synopsis. Minimum paper weight should be 80 grams. 5. 2 Page Setup / Margins: At least 1? -1? inches (3. 17-3. 81cm) on the right-hand side, 3/4 – 1 inch (2 2. 54cm) at the bottom of the page, and about ? 0. 75 inches (1. 27 – 1. 90cm) at the outer edge. 5. 3 Page Numbering: The best position for the page number is at top-centre or top right ? inch (1. 27 cm) below the edge. Pages containing figures and illustration should be suitable paginated. 5. 4 Font: New Times Roman font should be used throughout the proposal / synopsis. 5. 5 Font Size: Title Page 22 (Bold) Chapter Titles 16 (Bold) Headings 14 (Bold) Sub Headings 12 (Bold) Text 12 Footnotes / End notes 10 Footnotes be given on the same page where reference is quoted 5. 6 Paragraph Setting: Line spacing sh ould be 1. 5 and all the paragraph should be justified (Ctrl + J).No tab is required at the starting of a new paragraph. Use one line space between paragraphs for differentiation. 5. 7 Number of Copies: The students are required to submit 20 to 25 copies (as per coordinator’s directive) other than the master copy, to be presented to Board of Advanced Studies and Research (BOASAR). 5. 8 Binding: Only one master copy should be in tape binding with plastic cover and no need of binding for the rest of copies. 5. 9 Submission of Soft Copy of Proposal: The students are required to send a PDF copy of their research proposal to the program coordinator on the following e-mail address: [email  protected] edu. pk 25 Research Proposal The Role of Contingency Employees in Organizational Performance (A Case Study of Islamia College, Peshawar) By Nisar Muhammad M. S – Management Sciences Student I. D: 4818 Supervisor Dr. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. Department of Management Sciences ________________________________________________________________ Qurtuba University of Science and Information Technology Peshawar. 26 Recommendation Sheet Certified that the research proposal of Mr / Ms. [Your Official Name], Student I. D # 0000, with the title â€Å"Research Title [ Bold,14pt, Title Case]† has been reviewed and recommended to be presented toBoard of Advance Studies and Research (BOASAR) for final review and approval. ______________________ Supervisor: Dr†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 27 Table of Contents 1. Introduction†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 3 2. Literature Review†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 3 3. Research Problem / Questionâ € ¦.. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 3 4. Research Objective†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 4 5. Hypothesis (Optional).. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 4 6. Methodology†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 4 7. Significance of the study†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 5 8. Scope and Limitations†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 6 9. References†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚ ¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 6 28 The Role of Contingency Employees in OrganizationalPerformance (A Case Study of Islamia College Peshawar) By: Nisar Muhammad 1. Introduction: The proposal should start with proper headings and sub-headings as per suggested standard format. 29 Student Profile Paste a passport size e-photo here Name: ____________________________ s/o _________________________________ Program: _________________________ ID #: ____________________ Cell No: _______________________ Land Line No: ___________________________ Email: ____________________________________ Educational Qualification: (Starting From the highest Degree) Certificate / Degree Year Division / GradeBoard / University Professional Experience: S. No Organization Designation From To 1 2 3 4 Personal Statement (a short paragraph about yourself):____________________________ _____________________ _____________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ ______________________ (Signature of the student)